The merging of the philosophies in daily life

The blend of Taoism and Buddhism with traditional Confucianism is referred to as Neo-Confucianism and has shaped Chinese and other East Asian cultures for over 2000 years. The principles and practices in each of the philosophies overlap and complement the other/s and form an integral and comprehensive system of ethics for living, guidelines for relationship in society and with nature, and for attaining liberation from incarnate suffering. Folklore (or Folk Religion in China) encompasses the supernatural elements.

Clients subscribing to one of these systems are also likely to hold beliefs and practices belonging to the other/s. Although there are many people from East Asia who do not overtly subscribe to any of these doctrines, the principles and practices remain deeply embedded in thinking and most facets of Asian life, including attitudes to and beliefs about health and wellness.

The principles that emerge most strongly as a value from each of the systems, is interpersonal harmony and benevolence. These shape interactions, including that between a client and a health provider. Interpersonal harmony takes precedence over individual needs in societal inter-relating, and particularly amongst and between family members.

Many other social customs developed because they serve the principle of interpersonal harmony. These include: the importance of fulfilling obligations, the importance of reciprocating kindness, politeness, 'saving face', patience, being accommodating, cooperative and conciliatory, being receptive rather than confrontative, indirectness, modesty, and a reliance on non-verbal communication because disapproval can be communicated in ways that are not socially disruptive. Conformity, social sensitivity and not dominating others also enhance interpersonal harmony and are generally valued amongst East Asian cultures. (Uba, 2003).

Ancestor reverence is important in all three systems and connects generations of East Asian families. It has its roots in ancestor worship practiced in Folklore Religion and Taoism, and through the Confucianism principles of familial piety both living and deceased parents are venerated (Yick & Gupta, 2002).