Section IV - Chinese Culture and cultures that share aspects of Chinese heritage

Intersection of culture and religion

Because of the vast diversity across the East and Southeast Asian countries, it would generally be misleading to try to group countries in this region, culturally. However these cultures share common philosophical doctrines that are embedded in most facets of life, including attitudes to and beliefs about health and wellness. It is useful to understand the basic tenets of these systems and how they have influenced thinking and impact on attitudes and practices around disability.

Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism (collectively referred to as the 'three teachings' of Confucius, Lao Tzu and Guatama Buddha, respectively) are the philosophical systems shared by cultures with Chinese heritage or influence. Some of the doctrines are more evident in some cultures than others. Where information has been available about different Asian cultures, it is specified in the Asian Cultures Table. (Please note that Buddhism is covered in more detail in the training programme 'Working with Religious Diversity', and Confucianism and Taoism are extensively covered in the supplementary resource to the said training programme. These can be found at www.caldresources.org.nz).

There is a caution however to making assumptions about any of the influences and a reminder to meet each family individually; these traditions may have little bearing for some re-settled and contemporary families.

• Confucianism
  Confucianism (or Neo-Confucianism – a blend between Buddhism, Taoism and traditional Confucianism) is an ethical and philosophical system that provides guidelines for right conduct in societal and family relationships, and for emotional conduct. It is concerned with harmony and delineates the way in which this can be achieved. Benevolence, reciprocity, integrity, knowledge, correct behaviour (including filial piety) are the five virtues. Display of emotion is discouraged in order to maintain social and familial harmony. 'Saving face' is important for all East Asian cultures (Kramer et al, 2008).
• Taoism
  Taoism is a philosophical and (quasi-religious) tradition that focuses on harmony and human's relationship with self, others, nature and the universal life force, 'chi/qi'. It deals with balance, and is akin to Zen Buddhism from which it was later, significantly influenced. It emphasises that when people are in harmony with Tao (the 'way' or life force), then there is wellness (Chang & Hsu, 2007).
• Buddhism
  Buddhism is a philosophical and religious tradition that provides a moral code for living, for relating, and for liberation from the cycle of death and re-birth. It is a path of practice and spiritual development with 'karma' or the principle of cause-and-effect as central. Important for health and healing is spiritual strength and compassion.
  Influences from these systems are evident in social and health practices and determine, to a significant degree, how health issues and challenges are perceived and managed.